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ContentsSupporting IPS-A Model That Works IPS Notebooks, Two Alternatives The Many Advantages of Using IPS Diagnostic
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Judy Capra and Jan Myers Jefferson County Public Schools, Colorado With the advent of standards, most school districts have had to reexamine their K?12 science programs. In Jefferson County (Jeffco), a large metropolitan school district, we started this process five years ago. One of the initial steps was to review the scope and sequence, confirming who would be teaching what at each grade level and identifying instructional materials that would support the intended student learning. After a thorough review of middle-school materials, we selected IPS for use with our eighth grade-students. IPS had once been widely used in Jeffco, but over the years the county's schools had drifted to other programs. Many people were surprised when they learned that IPS was once again the program of choice. Now that we are several years into the re-implementation of IPS, it is appropriate to reflect and ask, "What have we learned along the way?" In this article, we share the process we're using and describe how it is working for us. Be Clear about Why IPS Was Chosen Teachers, parents, and administrators need to understand what good science looks like. The importance of focusing on fewer concepts?the key concepts necessary for a solid understanding of science?needs to be stressed continually. We also need to communicate how this understanding is developed over time based on students' own experimental and analytic work. And, most importantly, we need to distinguish between strong science lessons and "pseudoscience" activities, activities that use the vocabulary of science but have little to do with real science. When explaining the decision to use IPS, we had to be prepared to illustrate the difference between literacy units and science. It is not that we do not value literacy, but it is all too easy to lose the science in vocabulary, paragraph structure, reading strategies, and library research. The best way to learn science is not by reading long passages in textbooks or by writing papers based on library and/or internet research but by collecting and analyzing data, looking for patterns, and reflecting on the investigations. Stating this message is not enough, it needs to be modeled in a quality program. Provide Plenty of Support in the Beginning Every teacher who is assigned to teach eighth-grade science is strongly encouraged to attend the two-week IPS summer workshop. Given that Jeffco has about sixty eighth-grade teachers, this is no small feat-but quality staff development is a key to successful implementation. Without training, the first year of teaching any new program can be especially frustrating, and IPS is very different from traditional science programs. The training helps teachers understand the philosophy of the program, the overall "story line" of the course, and the key concepts that are the focus of each chapter. The two weeks of training provides the time teachers need to become familiar with the student text and consider what they need to do to use it effectively in the classroom. Lack of access to equipment and materials can be a major obstacle when teaching science. We try to circumvent this by making sure that every classroom has at least one class set of texts, the necessary equipment (peg boards and balances!), and enough chemicals for the first year. People often question the costs. They wonder, "How can you afford to offer all that training and pay for equipment?" To put it bluntly, we can't afford not to. If there isn't funding to implement and support a new program, the program will die. The central science budget isn't adequate to take on this expense, but Eisenhower monies, along with credit from SCI toward workshop tuition, provide the necessary funding. (To encourage participation in the workshop, SCI sets aside 5% of the purchase price of the IPS print materials as credit toward the training costs.) In the long run, the investment pays. Offer On-Going Support Even after teachers have taken the workshop, on-going support is essential. We try to make sure this support is varied and frequent. Some of the activities going on in Jeffco include the following:
Common to all these activities is continued encouragement and emphasis on the major concepts students are learning. It takes time to develop an understanding of how programs such as IPS help students develop a deep understanding of science. Evidence of Success Is a Bonus Generally, success is measured at the classroom level. Each teacher talks about the satisfaction of seeing the "light bulb go on" as their students come to understand the science concepts. For the last several years, we have also undertaken a district-wide assessment. At several points during the school year, all teachers assign the same assessment instruments so we can see how well our students are understanding the big ideas. From one assessment to the next, teachers see evidence that their students are making progress in doing science as well. The first assessment focuses on conservation of matter, the second on characteristic properties, and (eventually) the final one will encompass the atomic model. Few, if any, of the questions are at the recall level. Some of the questions come from the IPS assessment package, others are from the TIMSS and NAEP released items, and some we write ourselves. Each assessment takes two days and has three parts-a performance task, multiple- choice questions, and short-answer questions. These assessments were intended to help prepare students for the Colorado state science assessment, first administered to all eighth- grade students in the spring of 2000. While the assessments still serve this purpose, they have also helped to create a district vision of what good science instruction looks like. The questions provide teachers with examples of what students should know and be able to do. When teachers meet to write the scoring guides for the performance task and short-answer questions, they look at student work and talk about their expectations. At the same time, they clarify their own understanding and find out where students are struggling. Everyone comes together to score the written portion of the test-teachers, administrators (not all, but a few), and others with an interest in science education, including parents with a science background and teachers throughout the system. Student learning is no longer a private matter. We all have a sense of how "our" students are doing. It is especially gratifying when we see progress from one test to the next. By providing the same level of support at all grade levels that is now offered toIPS teachers, we will assure our students a strong K-12 science program. IPS Notebooks, Two AlternativesBill Atherton One of the more daunting aspects of IPS, for neophyte and veteran teachers alike, is the amount of time required for correcting students' laboratory notebooks. Let's assume that students' notebooks are collected for grading at least twice during a nine- or ten-week marking period. Then, in each marking period, an IPS teacher with five classes should expect to spend two to three hours each weekend correcting a set of laboratory notebooks. Of course it is imperative that students maintain a complete and accurate record of their activities in the laboratory. However, it may not always be necessary to collect students' notebooks in order to verify this. I would like to suggest two alternative approaches that are used by the IPS teachers in our school. For many years, IPS teachers in our school have been alternating notebook collections with notebook tests. These tests accomplish the same purpose as the notebook collections, i.e., they allow teachers to determine whether students have included key points in their laboratory notebooks. Of course, students are permitted to refer to their notebooks to answer the questions on the tests. Notebook tests may contain a range of question types. For example, for the Density of Solids experiment, there might be a question such as, "What were the dimensions of the slab and the volume that you reported?" This question assesses whether the student is aware that the volume of the slab is reported with two significant digits, while that of the cube is reported with three significant digits. The tests may also contain simpler questions that ask students to write the purpose or the class conclusion for a particular experiment. The tests developed at our school contain about 20 questions. We have found that this number is more than enough to evaluate all the experiments for a chapter. Even teachers new to this approach will soon be framing questions that address the major points they look for when reading students' notebooks. An example of a test for Chapter 5 is shown below.
A second approach that I have used involves peer review of notebooks. When I use this procedure, I am targeting specific experiments rather than seeking an overview of a student's notebook for a chapter. I begin by asking students to swap notebooks with a student other than their lab partner. I then provide them with a checklist (see below) on which they simply check yes or no depending on whether the notebook they are reading contains the correct information. Before students use the checklist, I review with them the correct results for each step, so that they will look for the appropriate information. After the students have completed the checklists, they record the total number of yes's and no's on the sheet. The checklists are then returned, along with the notebooks, to the notebooks' owners. The students spend a few minutes reviewing the checklists to see whether there are any disagreements, and then the checklists are collected. It's a good idea to look at a couple of notebooks to ensure that the procedure is being followed properly. Since the students who complete the checklists write their names on them, you will be monitoring their work also. There is no substitute for a teacher's carefully reading students' laboratory notebooks and writing comments in them. When there isn't time to do so, teachers may find the suggestions described above to be valuable ways to provide students with feedback.
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The Many Advantages of Using IPS
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